Free

Free Will Philosophy Essay I strongly believe that W.T. Stace is correct while arguing for the view of soft determinism, also known as compatibilism. Stace believes in compatibilism, which states that determinism is true, but free will still does exist. He puts both views together by studying the definition of free will. Stace asks, â€Å"How can anyone be punished or rewarded for his or her actions if they have no control over their actions?† That statement seemed extremely convincing to me because both d’Holbach and Chisholm supported one side of the argument. d’Holbach and Chisholm argued that we are either strictly determined by the laws of nature and physics or that we are not determined, rather being we have the power to do as we choose. Stace on the other hand, put both positions together and made them work together. He explained that the laws of nature and physics do have an impact on our choices, but we do have the ability to choose what we want to choose when making a decision. Outside forces may push on our decision, but we are the ones responsible for choosing what we want to choose. He persuasively defends his view of soft determinism by explaining the definition of free will. He states, â€Å"In order for one to define free will, one must look into how the phrase is commonly used.† The way a philosopher interprets free will is different than the way a common person will do so. Stace defines free acts as acts that are directly caused by a person’s internal thoughts or desires coming directly from the person. Not free acts are those that have outside forces pushing a person to do something a certain way such as a threat or harm. This was very different from what other philosophers have stated in the past. By providing examples of free will, Stace points out that free will clearly does exist. It wouldn’t make sense for free will not to exist since it is compatible with determinism.

Multiferroics: Explanation of Types and Plants

Multiferroics: Explanation of Types and Plants Chapter 2 Multiferroics 2.1 Introduction to Multiferroics: H. Schmid used the term multiferroic for the first time in 1994. Those materials which combine multiple ferroic properties such as ferromagnetism, ferroelectricity and ferroelasticity are known as multiferroics. Simultaneous coexistence of at least two ferroic properties takes place in the same phase in multiferroics. It has the feasibility of exhibiting coupling between ferroelectricity and magnetism which is known as the magnetoelectric effect (ME). This ME enables the external electric field to change magnetization [1]. Each multiferroic property is closely connected to symmetry. The principal ferroic properties can be characterized by their behavior under time and space inversion. For example the direction of polarization P is reversed by Space inversion while leaving the magnetization M invariant. In turn, time reversal will change the sign of M, while the sign of P remains invariant. A simultaneous violation of space and time inversion symmetry is required by Magnetoelectric multiferroics [2]. There are also various potential applications of multiferroic such as information storage, spintronics, sensors and microelectronics devices in the field of material science due to the presence of strong coupling of electric, magnetic and structural order parameters. These parameters gave rise to simultaneous occurrence of ferroelectricity, ferroelasticity and ferromagnetism [3]. Application of magnetic field can induce intrinsic polarization and application of external electric field can induce magnetization in any magnetoelectric compound. Apart of industrial application, these coupling of properties in magnetoelectric compounds makes them important from physics point of view because of their enriched physical properties. However very few materials shows both these ferroic properties at or above room temperature [4]. Two fundamental forces of nature are magnetism and electricity. Combination of these two properties in a single multiferroic material is applicable for many practical applications such as they can be used as magnetic sensors in which the sign of their electric polarization changes with a small magnetic field. These effects are important to understand as multiferroics are not only quite rare but their properties also helps to develop materials where these effects are suitably strong for applications. A beam of x-rays are used to study the magnetic properties of multiferroics. The electronic states of the iron ions in the crystal are specifically probed by the x-rays which are related to its magnetic properties. This experiment reveals that these electronic states extend throughout the material in a periodic manner. It breaks the crystal symmetry and leads to a shift of the electrically charged atoms in the crystal which is responsible for multiferroic properties. Each iron atoms is surrounded by a symmetric arrangement of oxygen atoms and the magnetic moments of the iron atoms are in disorder at room temperature whereas the magnetic moments are assumed to have the shape of a screw at low temperatures. The energy of the chemical bonds are slightly altered by each magnetic moment in the crystal which depends on the relative orientation between the chemical bond direction and the magnetic moment. The resulting force distorts the crystal structure which leads to an electric polarization [5]. Recently, multiferroics due to their potential properties such as comprising of ferroelectric and ferromagnetic ordering in elastically distorted systems have drawn a major attention of researchers for fabrication of magnetic and ferroelectric devices. High dielectric constant, low dielectric loss, high temperature phase transition and small structural distortion occurs mainly due to the electric, magnetic and stress field applied on the materials for multifunctional applications. In the process of development of new materials, many novel materials have been detected for different purposes due to their useful and interesting properties [6]. 2.2 Types of Multiferroics: Multiferroics can be divided into two groups: Type-I Multiferroics2) Type-II Multiferroics Type-I Multiferroics: This type of multiferroics are older, more numerous and are good ferroelectrics. Above room temperature, the critical temperatures of the magnetic and ferroelectric transitions can be well. In these materials, the coupling between magnetism and ferroelectricity is unfortunately weak [14]. Different origin of ferroelectricity and magnetism in type-I multiferroic are mostly due to different active subsystems of a material. There is a certain coupling between breaking time reversal symmetry, breaking spatial inversion symmetry, ferroelectric order parameter, magnetic order parameter in such type-I multiferroics. In these materials, ferroelectricity can have a number of possible microscopic origins [7]. For example: BiFeO3 with the ferroelectric transition temperature Tc higher then the Neel transition temperature TN. [8] Type-II Multiferroics: Due to the recent discovery of a novel class of multiferroics, there is the biggest excitement as ferroelectricity exists only in a magnetically ordered state and is caused by a particular type of magnetism. A nonzero electric polarization occurs in the low temperature phase [14] . For example CuFeO2 with Tc = TN [15]. The magnetic and/or electric polarization of the barrier controls the current driven through a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) with a multiferroic tunnel barrier. Multiferroic tunnel junctions is referred to the junctions with a multiferroic tunnel barrier. The use of a multiferroic material as a tunnel barrier and ferromagnetic materials as leads in MFTJs would lead to 8 possible resistive states of such junctions [9]. Figure 1.3: Multiferroic tunneljunction (left) and eight resistive states that it provides (right). The ferroelectric polarization is depicted with the black arrow; the white arrow stands for the magnetization. Cupric Ferrite (CFO): type-II multiferroic has attracted increasing attention due to the recent discovery of ferroelectricity in the first magnetic field induced phase. It is considered as a distinct class of magnetoelectric (ME) multiferroics [10]. Magnetic field induced generates a spontaneous electric polarization parallel to the helical axis in delafossite compound CuFeO2 [11]. Delafossite crystals have general formula ABO2, where A represents cations which are linearly co-ordinated with two oxygen ions and B represents cations, situated in distorted edge-sharing BO6 octahedra [12]. The materials possesse R m space group and have found very useful device applications because of different properties such as superconductivity, large magnetoresistance, thermoelectric effects and multiferroicity [13]. It has Hexagonal crystal structure. Figure 1.Crystal structure of CuFeO2 with the hexagonal unit cell [14] These effects make them potential candidates for device applications in such kind of multiferroic materials. CFO was first discovered by Friedel and Hebd12 in 1873 and it is considered to be one of the promising materials of this group [15]. CFO was broadly studied in past decade due to its pleasing antiferromagnetic properties at liquid helium temperatures. Numerous magnetic phase transitions and multiferroicity due to geometrical frustrations at low temperature are seen by this antiferromagnet on a triangular lattice [16, 17, 18, 19]. The delafossite structure of CFO consists of hexagonal layers of Cu, O and Fe accumulated with a Cu-O-Fe sequence along the c-axis in order to form a layered triangular lattice antiferromagnet. It is a p-type semiconductor with low conductivity ÏÆ'=1.53 53 S/cm, high Seebeck coefficient S=544 V/K, and a small bandgap of 1.15 eV. The electrical and optoelectrical properties of CFO were explored by by Benko and Koffyberg [20, 21]. By combining two of the fundamental forces of nature i.e magnetism and electricity in a single multiferroic material in which one controls the other is not only of basic interest, but also significant for practical applications. Multiferroic materials can also be used as magnetic sensors in which the sign of their electric polarization is changed with a small magnetic field. A new mechanism has been verified after studying the properties of the multiferroic CuFeO2 by which magnetism and electricity can be coupled in a single material. Magnetism and ferroelectricity are coupled in different ways in multiferroics. Apart of multiferroics being quite rare, a better understanding of their properties is essential as it helps to develop materials where these effects are suitably strong for applications. the magnetic properties of CuFeO2 using a beam of x-rays were studied by the researchers. This study reveals that these electronic states extend throughout the material in a periodic manner which is directly responsible for the multiferroic properties as it breaks the crystal symmetry and leads to a shift of the electrically charged atoms in the crystal. Each of the iron atoms is surrounded by a symmetric arrangement of oxygen atoms and the magnetic moments of the iron atoms are in disorder at room temperature. The energy of the chemical bonds is slightly altered by each magnetic moment in the crystal which depends on the relative orientation between the magnetic moment and the chemical bond direction. The crystal structure is then distorted by the resulting force which leads to an electric polarization [22]. Several routes for the synthesis of multiferroics are being applied such as solid state synthesis hydrothermal synthesis, sol-gel processing, Sol-Gel autocombustion, vacuum based deposition, floating zone [23]. In the present study, modified Sol-Gel autocombustion technique is used. Processing techniques influence the physical properties and the ideal synthesis techniques provide superior control over the parameters such as crystallite size, distribution of particle sizes and interparticle spacing which have the greatest impact on the magnetic and other properties [24, 25]. In present work we have adopted sol-gel auto-combustion technique because of some advantages over other methods like the reagents are simple compounds, special equipments are not required, agglomeration of powders remains limited and dopant can be easily introduced into the final product. The properties of the final product such as particle size, surface area and porosity depend on the method of combustion [26, 27] 2.3 Plants: According to the literature reviews, various microorganisms such as fungi, yeasts algae and bacteria are used for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles but presently a new trend has come to force the use of plants for the fabrication of nanoparticles because of its spontaneous, economical, eco-friendly protocol, suitable for large scale production and single step technique for the biosynthesis process [28]. The major mechanism examined for the synthesis of nanoparticles mediated by the plants is due to the presence of phytochemicals which are responsible for the spontaneous reduction of ions are flavonoids, terpenoids, carboxylic acids, quinones, aldehydes, ketones and amides [29]. The botanical details about the currently used flowers for the study of synthesis of Cupric Ferrite are as follows: Delonix Regia [30] Rosa indica: [31] Vinca [32] Hibiscus [33] Jasmine [34] Euphobia milli [35] Alamanda [36] References [1] I. E. Dzyaloshinskii, Sov. Phys. JETP 10, 628 (1960). [2] Hill, J.Phys. Chem. B 104, 6694 (2000). [3] M. E. McHENRY and D. E. LAUGHLIN, Acta mater. 48, 223, (2000). [4] Samar Layek* and H. C. Verma,Adv. Mat. Lett. 3(6), 533 (2012). [5] Tanaka, Y., et al. Incommensurate orbital modulation behind ferroelectricity in CuFeO2, PHYS REV LETT. 109, 127205, (2012). [6] Jyoshna Rout, R. Padhee, Piyush R. Das and R.N.P. Choudhary, Adv. Appl. Phy. 1 105, (2013). [7] Daniel Khomskii, Classifying multiferroics: Mechanisms and effects, Am. J. Phys. 2, 20 (2009). [8] Randy Fishman, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Materials Science and Technology Division, Monday, 22 September, 2014 [9] http://inside.hlrs.de/htm/Edition_01_11/article_11.html [10] T. Nakajima, S. Mitsuda, K. Takahashi, M. Yamano, K. Masuda, and H. Yamazaki, Am. J. Phys. 79, 214423 (2009). [11] S. Mitsuda, M. Yamano, K. Kuribara, T. Nakajima, K. Masuda, K. Yoshitomi, N. Terada, H. Kitazawa, K. Takenakaand, T. Takamasu, Am. J. Phys. 200, 1 (2010). [12]S. P. Pavunny, Ashok Kumar and R. S. Katiyar, J. Appl. Phys. 107, 1 (2010). [13] F. A. Benko and F. P. Koffyberg, J. Phys. Chem. Solids. 45, 57 (1984). [14] S. Mitsuda, M. Yamano, K. Kuribara, T. Nakajima, K. Masuda, K. Yoshitomi, N. Terada, H. Kitazawa, K. Takenakaand, T. Takamasu, Am. J. Phys. 200, 1 (2010). [15] Shojan P. Pavunny, Ashok Kumar, and R. S. Katiyar, J. Appl. Phys. 107, 013522 (2010) [16] T. Kimura, C. Lashley, and A. P. Ramirez, Phys. Rev. B 73, 220401  (2006). [17] S. Seki, Y. Yamasaki, Y. Shiomi, S. Iguchi, Y. Onose, and Y. Tokura, Phys. Rev. B 75, 100403 (2007). [18] S. Omeiri, Y. Gabes, A. Bouguelia, and M. Trari, J. Electroanal. Chem.  614, 31 (2008). [19] H. Takahashi, Y. Motegi, R. Tsuchigane, and M. Hasegawa, J. Magn.  Magn. Mater. 216, 272, (2004). [20] F. A. Benko and F. P. Koffyberg, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 45, 57 (1984). [21] F. A. Benko and F. P. Koffyberg, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 48, 431 (1987). [22] Tanaka, Y., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 127205 (2012). [23] D. Varshney et al., J. Alloys Compd. 509, 8421 (2011) [24] Candac T S, Carpenter E E, O’Connor C J, John V T and Li S, IEEE Trans. Magn. 34, 1111 (1998). [25]Pillai V, Kumar P, Hou M J, Ayyub P and Shah D O,Adv. Coll. Int. Sc. 55, 241 (1995). [26] Aruna S T and Patil K C, Nano Structr. Mater. 10, 955 (1998). [27]M.Y. Salunkhe, D.S. Choudhry, D.K. Kulkarni, Vibr. Spectrosc. 34, 221  (2004) [28] Huang J, Li Q, Sun D, Lu Y, Su Y, Yang X, Wang H, Wang Y, Shao W, He N, Hong J, Chen C, Nanotechnology 18: 105104 (2007). [29] Sukumaran Prabhu* and Eldho K Poulose, Int Nano Lett. 2:32, 1 (2012). [30] http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=DERE [31] http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ROIN5 [32] http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=VINCA [33] http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=HIRO3 [34]https://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=displayclassid=JASMI [35]https://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=displayclassid=EUPHO [36] http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ALCA7

Roles and Activities of a Manager- Comparison of Theories

Roles and Activities of a Manager- Comparison of Theories Hayley Work    The main roles and activities of a manager are: Managers should run an organisation by organising structures, people and finances. Peter Drucker identified five activities of a manager, these are; Setting objectives- Robin Fraser is responsible for all production and quality assurance he aims to make processes less labour intensive and more automated. In order to achieve this, he has secured a investment from the bank and plans to use these funds to increase automation.[1] Organising- Hazim Khan analyses sales trends of different products and after assessing customer feedback in order to make sure that the company keeps with the changing market. Hazim is in charge of a team of chefs who develop new products and recipes.[2] Motivating and communicating- Hazim also demonstrates this activity, he allows his team of chefs to work independently on their ideas but regularly meets with them to discuss any problems and ideas.[3] Measuring- Laura Bolton is focused on the companys finances and keeps an eye on the cash flow of the business. [4] Developing- Kathryn Hannah encourages staff to undertake training in order the ensure that staff have all the skills that the business requires.[5] Henry Mintzberg identified ten management roles which are then divided up into three categories. Category Roles Manager Interpersonal Figurehead Leader Liaison David Fraser Informational Monitor Disseminator Spokesperson Kathryn Hannah Laura Bolton Hazim Khan Decisional Entrepreneur Disturbance Handler Resource Allocator Negotiator Robin Fraser Hazim Khan Measuring managerial effectiveness Fraser Foods can measure managerial effectiveness by motivation and morale of the staff, this would be put to good use in the shop floor. Here the work is repetitive and can be challenging due to the temperatures needed to produce hygienic food. The teams are set targets but have the freedom to decide how they will achieve this, working this way has increased staff morale and flexibility. [6] Another way to measure managerial effectiveness would be by the level of complaints. Fraser Foods could distribute anonymous feedback forms asking questions about how the staff feel about the manager and why. The company would then be able to grasp how well the manager is performing. Behavioural theory of leadership. Macgregors Theory X and Theory Y both assume the behaviours of different management styles. A Theory X manager assumes that staff dislikes work, need directed, avoid any responsibility, dull, uncreative, have no desire, see money as the only motivation for work and view goals and objectives as caging. [7] David Fraser could be described as a Theory X manager, David also felt it was his role to make all the decisions affecting production. He didnt see the need to involve staff and believed they preferred to be told what to do and didnt want the responsibility that was the managers job, not theirs. He believed staff were motivated by money and should be paid bonuses if targets were exceeded[8] Contingency theory of leadership A contingency theory is based on the belief that there is no style of leadership that is applicable to all situations that may arise within a company. Hersey and Blanchards theory was based on the leader adopting an appropriate style of leadership depending on the members in the team and the situation they have found themselves in. In accordance with their theory a leader can adopt one of four styles depending on how much support the team requires and the amount of direction.[9] The four styles (known as S1-S4) are: Telling- This leadership style is categorised as giving a lot of direction to team members. This style is recommended for use when dealing with new staff or where the work can be tedious and repetitive. Selling- This is sometimes known as the coaching approach. It is used when team members are motivated to carry out the work but dont quite have the needed maturity to complete the task. Participating- This style encompasses high support but hardly any direction, it is used when team members are able to do the tasks required but maybe lack the confidence. Delegating- The responsibility for carrying out the task is given to team members, this style requires high levels of maturity and competence. David Fraser mostly adopts the telling style (S1) as he felt it was his role as the boss to make all decisions. Hazim Khan style of leadership fits into S2-S4 he does this by allowing his team of chefs to use their talents to create new products for the company. He regularly meets with his team of chefs to discuss and help to solve any issues that have arisen. Theories of leadership and the proposed expansion plans Bennis and Nanus state that there is no one right way to being a leader, but that each has to find their own style. They did however, identify common characteristics: A visions to focus minds Communicating the vision Consistency and honesty Awareness of weakness Bennis and Nanus also state that effective leadership can move organisations from current to future state, create visions of potential opportunities for organisations.[10] The managers of Fraser Foods must ensure that they effectively and clearly communicate to the staff, the vision that they have for the company such as reducing their heavy reliance on the supplier, Perkins. [11]Robin must also effectively communicate his vision for increasing automation as the staff feel anxious about the impact this will have on their jobs. He must also be honest with the staff in order to ease their worries and make them feel involved in the process. [12] Bibliography   Case study paragraph 24 2 Case study paragraph 13 3 Case study paragraph 13 4 Case study paragraph 14 5 Case study paragraph 15 6 Case study paragraph 16 7 Student notes 8 Case study paragraph 12 9 Student notes 10 Student notes 11 Case study paragraph 18 12 Case study paragraph 24 [1] Case study paragraph 24 [2] Case study paragraph 13 [3] Case study paragraph 13 [4] Case study paragraph 14 [5] Case study paragraph 15 [6] Case study paragraph 16 [7] Student notes [8] Case study paragraph 12 [9] Student notes [10] Student notes [11] Case study paragraph 18 [12] Case study paragraph 24

The Canadian Justice System V.s. Aboriginal People :: essays research papers

The Canadian Justice System v.s. Aboriginal People Topic: Be it resolved that the Canadian justice system be significantly changed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Canadian justice system has failed the Canadian people. It has failed the aboriginal people of this nation on a massive scale. The flawed justice system has been insensitive and inaccessible, and has arrested and imprisoned aboriginal people in grossly disproportionate numbers. Aboriginal people who are arrested are more likely to be denied bail, spend less time with their lawyers, and if convicted, are more likely to be incarcerated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is not merely that the justice system has failed aboriginal people; justice has also been denied to them. For more than a century the rights of aboriginal people have been ignored and eroded. The result of this denial has been injustice of the most profound kind. Poverty and powerlessness have been the Canadian legacy to a people who once governed their own affairs in self- sufficiency.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A significant part of the problem is the inherent biases of those with decision-making authority in the justice system. However one understands discrimination, it is clear that aboriginal people have been subject to it. They clearly have been victims of the openly hostile bigot and they have also been victims of discrimination that is unintended, but is rooted in police and law.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Two specific incidents in late 1987 and early 1988 clearly illustrate this unacceptable discrimination. The first of these was the November 1987 trial of two men for the 1971 murder of Helen Betty Osborne in The Pas Manitoba. While the trial established that four men were present when the young aboriginal woman was killed, only one of them was ultimately convicted of any crime. Following the trial, allegations were made that the identity of the four individuals who has been present at the killing was widely known in the local community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On March 9, 1988, J.J. Harper, Executive Director of the Island Lake Tribal Council, died following an encounter with a City of Winnipeg police officer. The following day the police department exonerated the officer involved. Others, particularly those in the province's aboriginal community, believed that there were many questions which had been left unanswered by the police department's internal investigation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These two specific incidents are seen by many as troubling examples of the manner in which the Canadian justice system is failing aboriginal people. While the aboriginal people comprise 11.8 percent of Manitoba's population, they represent 50 percent of the province's prison population.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Canada's treatment of its first citizens has been an international disgrace. Unless we take every needed step to redress this problem, this lingering injustice will continue to bring tragedy and suffering to aboriginal

The Laser Essay -- essays research papers

The Laser Before we can learn about the laser we need to know a little bit about light (since that is what a laser is made of). Light from our sun, or from an electric bulb, is called white light. It is really a mixture of all the different colours of light. The colours range from violet, indigo, and blue, to green, yellow, orange, and red. These make up the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Light is made up of particles, called PHOTONS, which travel in waves. The difference in the colour depends on the wavelength of the light. Violet light has the shortest wavelength while red has the longest. There are other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum which includes infra-red, radar, television radio and micro- waves (past red on the spectrum), and on the other end of the spectrum are the other invisible radiations, ultra- violet, X rays, micro waves and gamma rays. The wavelength of the light is important to the subject of the laser. A laser is made up of COHERENT light, a special kind of light in which the wavelengths of the light are all the same length, and the crests of these waves are all lined up, or in PHASE. The word Laser is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. What does that mean? Basically a laser is a device which produces and then amplifies light waves and concentrates them into an intense penetrating beam. The principles of the laser (and it's cousin the maser) were established long before these devices were succes...

Human Lifespan and Development: The Nature of Children Essay

Philosophical ideas about the development of children arose from old ideas about human nature and history. Many of the philosophers who proposed philosophical ideas about childhood development are considered either nativists or maturationists. The view of nativists is that behavior is innate and is strongly affected by the genes. Maturationists also believe that genes influence behavior, but the behavior grows to maturity because it is under the control of genes. This paper intends to define, as well as, discuss two different philosophical views, which, historically, have been held regarding the nature of psychological development of children. It will then provide a section that compares those historical views with the current conception about the development in children. A conclusion will sum up the discussion. One philosophical view about the development of children was proposed by Stanley Hall (1844-1924). In addition to contributing to philosophical views about childhood developm ent, Hall is the founder of the American Psychological Association and was the first Ph. D. in Psychology. He came up with his view using the questionnaire method, which involved asking people about their lives. Darwin influenced him through the principle that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny in which ontogeny means an individual’s development while phylogeny means the evolution of species. In that regard, Hall proposed the following developmental stages. The first is infancy (0-4 years), which he named the animal phase because the child demonstrates behaviors that are closely related to those of animals courtesy of having a blank mind. He referred to the second stage (Age 4-8 years) as the hunting and fishing cultures. The third stage (age 8-12 years) is the savage and primitive (or tribal) human cultures. The fourth stage (age 12-25 years) is the eighteenth century idealism. The fifth and last stage (age 25 and above) is the contemporary civilization stage. Stanley Hall’s philosophy on child rearing is that parents do not have to worry about the bad behavior of their child ren because they will outgrow it, which is consistent with maturationist theory (MacDonald, n.d.). Another Philosopher, John Dewey (1859-1952), believed that people could project the society that they want. He wanted schools to be places where children can grow, as well as, carry intelligence to social democracy. He also believed democracy and science demand one another because the most objective means of governance is democracy and the most democratic means of knowing is science. In that regard, he promoted democracy and science as ideal ends for the society’s progress, as well as, child’s individual development. For Dewey, the values that are endemic to the concept of development lie in socially agreed-upon values rather than natural law. Thus, he maintained that development for an individual and the society is a function of socially acknowledged values. According to him, objective thinking and democratic governance were the best guarantees of a just, good, and experimenting society. He based his social and developmental psychology upon the understanding of people with regard to their cultural circumstances. In essence, culture is a developmental mechanism. This concept of development situates development in a social context, as well as, understands development as being incumbent upon social practices and culturally valued goals (Cahan, 2008). Despite there being many philosophical views about the development of children in history, very few views have been integrated in the current child development concept. This is because, with time, more reliable, and valid concepts emerged, which explained the development of children more effectively. There are three main philosophical views, which the current concept about the development of children integrates, namely, the Waldorf education, the Montessori methods (programs), and the Reggio Emilia method. In that regard, the current concept of childhood development differs from the previous two in the following ways. First, Stanley Hall’s view emphasizes on the influence of genetics on the behavior of individuals whereas the current concept providing an environmental that encourages desirable development through direction and guidance of children. The current concept considers genes to be having minimal effect on the psychological development of a child. In essence, Stanley Hall’s view emphasizes on the nature while the current concept emphasizes on nurture (Edwards, 2002). The current developmental philosophy differs from John Dewey’s philosophy in the sense that Dewey’s view emphasizes on science and democracy, whereas the current philosophy does no t. However, the current philosophy acknowledges science, but involves parents and teachers in making decisions about developmental aspects of their children rather than involving democracy. This is because the children are too young and less informed about decision-making; thus, they need the help of superiors who mind them to help in making decisions. The parents and teachers play a significant role in decision-making until the child is old enough to make decisions accordingly. The current philosophy requires the exposure of children to different educational and developmental aspects so that they can respond and engage in the aspects, which they find most appealing to them with regard to individual differences. This is not the case for the other two philosophical views discussed in this paper, which disregard this developmental aspect (Edwards, 2002). In conclusion, there are many philosophical views about the development of children in history. Most of these views are not relevant because the concept they provided was narrow and ineffective. Examples of such views include the Stanley Hall’s and John Dewey’s views, among others. The three philosophical views that the current childhood developmental concept considers include the Montessori programs, the Reggio Emilia method, and the Waldorf education. The current concept differs from the previous ones with regard to the scope of developmental aspects, with the previous ones being narrow-focused than the ones integrated in the current philosophical view, among other differences. References Cahan E. D. (2008). Child Development, History of the Concept of. Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Society. Advameg Inc., The Gale Group Edwards C. P. (2002). Three Approaches from Europe: Waldorf, Montessori, and Reggio Emilia, Early Childhood Research and Practice, Volume 4, Number 1. Lincoln, NE, Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln MacDonald K. (n.d.). Historical Figures in Development Psychology. Long Beach, CA, Department of Psychology, CSU-Long Beach

Effect of Exercise on Cardia Output Essay

Predictions 1. During exercise HR will increase. 2. During exercise SV will decrease. 3. During exercise CO will increase. Materials and Methods 1. Dependent Variable EDV, ESV, and cardiac cycle length 2. Independent Variable level of physical activity(resting or exercise) 3. Controlled Variables age, weight, height 4. What instrument was used to measure cardiac volumes? MRI 5. Does the instrument used to measure cardiac volume use X-Rays? Explain. no Results Table 2: Resting and Exercising Cardiac Cycle Length, EDV, and ESV Resting Values Exercising Values Cardiac EDV (mL) ESV (mL) Cardiac EDV (mL) ESV (mL) cycle length cycle length (msec) (msec) 856 145 72 431 139 34 809 136 66 457 141 38 828 135 72 414 140 35 139 70 140 36 Subject 1 Subject 2 Subject 3 Averages Resting and Exercising HR, EDV andESV 1. Resting and exercising cardiac cycle length -a. What was the average resting cardiac cycle length? 831 b. What was the average exercising cardiac cycle length? 434 c. The range of normal resting cardiac cycle length is between 818 and 858 ms. Did average cardiac cycle length increase, decrease, or not change with exercise? Decrease 2. Resting and exercising EDV -a. What was the average resting EDV? 139 b. What was the average exercising EDV? 140 c. The range of normal resting EDV is between 135 and 145 ml for these subjects. Did average EDV increase, decrease, or not change with exercise? not change 3. Resting and exercising ESV -a. What was the average resting ESV? 70 b. What was the average exercising ESV? 36 c. The range of normal resting ESV is between 65 and 75 for these subjects. Did average ESV increase, decrease, or not change with exercise? decrease Table 3: Resting and Exercising HR, SV and CO HR (strokes per second) 70 74 72 72 Resting Values SV (mL) SV (L) 73 70 63 0.073 0.07 0.063 0.069 CO 5.1 5.2 4.5 4.9 HR (strokes per second) 139 131 145 138 Exercising Values SV (mL) SV (L) 105 103 105 0.105 0.103 0.105 0.104 CO 14.6 13.5 15.2 14 Subject 1 Subject 2 Subject 3 Averages Resting and Exercising SV and CO 4. Resting and exercising HR – a. What was the average resting HR? 72 b. What was the average exercising HR? 138 c. The range of normal resting HR is between 70 and 73 beats per minute for these subjects. Did average HR increase, decrease, or not change with exercise? increase 5. Resting and exercising SV -a. What was the average resting SV? 69 b. What was the average exercising SV? 104 c. The range of normal resting SV is between 60 and 80 ml for these subjects. Did average SV increase, decrease, or not change with exercise? Increase 6. Resting and exercising CO – a. What was the average resting CO? 4.9 b. What was the average exercising CO? 14 c. The range of normal resting CO is between 4.2 L per minute and 5.84 L for these subjects. Did average CO increase, decrease, or not change with exercise? increase Discussion 1. What caused the change in HR with exercise? Muscles use more oxygen and  glucose from the blood with increased movement. This produces wastes that decrease blood pH below the normal range causing an increase in heart rate. The heart rate increase delivers blood to the lungs and kidneys more quickly so these organs can remove the wastes from the body. The faster the muscles use energy and create waste, the faster the heart must pump blood. 2. Discuss the effect of venous return and heart rate on exercise EDV. Exercise increases venous return by forcing your body to add and enlarge blood vessels. In addition to circulatory improvements, exercise helps muscles and tissues become conditioned to allow them to overcome the stresses of working out. During exercise, the body demands additional oxygen and requires removal of extra carbon dioxide increasing the heart rate. EDV is increased with exercise 3. What caused the change in ESV volume with exercise? ESV decreases with exercising so that there is less resistance for the blood to flow to increase cardiac output. 4. Why did SV change with exercise? SV increase during exercise because an individuals body needs more oxygen and nourishment that are both received from the pumping of blood. The level of increase of SV is also depends on the type of exercise 5. Discuss the importance of the change in CO with exercise? When the body is in rest cardiac output is lower as the demand in oxygen is low. During exercise heart rate and stroke volume increase which results in an increase in cardiac output 6. Restate your predictions that were correct and give data from your experiment that support them. Restate your predictions that were not correct and correct them, giving supporting data from your experiment that supports your corrections. My prediction were correct Application 1. We measured the stroke volume of the left ventricle. What was the average stroke volume of the right ventricle at rest and after exercise? 69 resting 104 exercising 2. Assume that for one beat, the stroke volume of the left ventricle is greater than that of the right ventricle. Explain why in a normal heart this would be corrected on the next beat. blood would be transferred from your systemic circulation into you pulmonary circulation. Pressures throughout your pulmonary circulation would begin increasing. As soon as small amount of blood is transferred from the systemic to pulmonary circulation, the pressure in the pulmonary veins and left atrium increases a  little. This increases the filling of the left ventricle, and the resulting increase in its end-diastolic volume increases the stroke volume, correcting the problem 3. Explain why elite athletes have a lower than normal heart rate, yet have a higher than normal ability to increase cardiac output. An athlete has a larger stroke volume, which means a greater volume of oxygen is delivered to the body per heartbeat.They usually have larger heart that results in higher cardiac output, as more blood is pumped out with each beat. The raised cardiac output allows the heart to beat more slowly